Business Administration Essay

1.1 Describe the different features of telephone systems and how to use them Telephone systems have many different functions eg: hold, transfer, ignore and making a call. Thousands of organisations use the telephone system as it is a reliable and easy way to contact clients and fellow colleagues. Putting a call on hold will allow you leave your work space to perhaps collect documents, ask colleagues some questions or find another colleague to deal with the call. Another function of the telephone is transferring calls, if a client calls the reception desk and asks for a colleague then you can transfer the call using the extension number. This is a fast an effective strategy as it allows you to transfer the call straight away, with no interruptions. Furthermore, another function of the telephone is the ability to ignore a call. Ignoring a phone call isn’t professional but sometimes it may occur, a blocked number may call and then you have the choice to either ignore it or answer. 1.2 Give reasons for identifying the purpose of a call before making it Identifying the purpose of the call allows you to prepare yourself before the call. Knowing and planning what you are going to say is an excellent strategy to have. Writing down all of the facts and having the right phone number to call is essential, being confident and knowing the purpose of the phone call is a great way to show that you are professional. If you don’t prepare yourself before a phone call it can come across unprofessional, saying words such as ‘erm’ and ‘like’ shows the recipient that you are unsure of the points you are trying to get across. 1.3 Describe different ways of obtaining the names and numbers of people that need to be contacted There are many different ways to obtain personal information such as the name of a client or their phone number. In working situations you can ask your Manager, HR, phone directory or even email the client. Human Resources will usually have a phone book or a business card holder that could have the clients name and number. Also your Manager should have a list of clients that they associate with, they can give you the name of the person you are trying to contact and a number. Furthermore, you can look in your organisations phone directory, they should have the client’s details in there, along with an email address or a phone number. 1.4 Describe how to use a telephone system to make contact with people inside and outside an 0rganisation Telephone systems are a great way for colleagues to communicate during working hours. Colleagues are able to transfer and divert calls to each other, or even take messages for each other. Also, it is a quick and easy way to get hold of other colleagues/people. Furthermore, you are able to contact clients and potential business partners via phone, it is a simple and effective manner of contacting someone that is virtually hassle free. If you try to call the client/colleague and they don’t answer, you can always leave a voice mail with them so they can contact you later on in the day/at a later date. 1.5 Explain the purpose of giving a positive image of self and own organisation It is important to present a positive image of you and your organisation to influence people in taking you seriously. This attracts the best workforce when employment opportunities arise in the organisation and the best clients when attracting business. All this translates into better returns and a higher profitability for the organisation. You are expected to present a positive image of yourself and your organisation because you will be able to: listen to and absorb the information that others are giving you, ask questions, when necessary, provide information to other people clearly and accurately, contribute to and allow others to contribute to, discussions, select and read written information that contains the information you need, communicate well in writing, establish good working relationships with other people. 1.6 Explain the purpose of summarising the outcomes of a telephone conversation before ending the call It is important to summarise the outcomes of a telephone conversation so that both parties agree on what has been said and there are no confusions, objectives are clean and the information is fresh in the mind for both parties to write down or relay to another call. You cannot see the recipient’s reactions during the conversation so a verbal confirmation of the outcomes is an essential way to know whether or not someone has misunderstood or has any qualms. 1.7 Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to When a call comes into the office always take a name (full name if possible and preferably) and the company they are calling from, try and obtain from the caller either what the problem is. Pass the message along to relevant staff and see what information can be found to resolve the problem. If this is not possible try and locate a member of staff who can help from the information obtained from the caller eg: If there is a payment problem then transfer the phone call to Lauren, she will be able to help the caller with the problem. 1.8 Describe organisation structures and communication channels within an organisation Staff have a role, shared decision making, specialisation is possible. 1. Decisions pass down formal channels from managers to staff members. 2. Information flows up formal channels from staff to managers. 3. Entrepreneurial – decisions are made centrally 4. Matrix – staff with specific skills join project teams, each individual has a responsibility. 5. Independent – seen in professions where organisations provide support systems and little else Channels of communication- communication in organisations follow paths or channels. Communication between managers and subordinates is known as  vertical communication this is because the information flows up or down the hierarchy. Channels between departments or functions involve lateral communication. As well as formal channels of communication, information also passes through an organisation informally. Communication is not complete until feedback has been received. 1.1 Describe how to follow organisational procedures when making a telephone call Always introduce yourself including name and company you are calling from, if prior know request to talk to the member of staff/department you are calling for. If not explain why you are calling and request help on locating staff that can help. When connected have questions ready or know exactly what information is required. At end summarise call and recap information to check accuracy. 1.2 Explain how to report telephone system faults Being as exact as possible will help the fault be restored asap. Take notes such as; when did the problem first occur, how frequent is it happening, what conditions are occurring, can you restart or reset the equipment ect. Then once you have made a note of these problems/answers you can inform a member of staff of the fault and try contacting service providers for assistance.

Opportunities Challenges Associated Ehealth Australia Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this paper is to measure and pull out the chances and challenges associated with the use of e-health in Australia. The important alterations in people ‘s life style in recent old ages have raised legion desires to accomplish and limited clip to carry through them in a twenty-four hours. Today from directing mail to telling nutrient, all is done through electronic media sitting at place. Similarly, the wellness concerns are besides solved by the usage of E-health which is electronic wellness system. However, there are different challenges like, fiscal, societal, proficient and legal which are hinderance in the growing and acceptance of E-health system in Australia. The literature indicates the important countries in which the people of Australia are bringing the benefits of the E-health. However, the most of import concern for hereafter of E-health is fiscal support by the authorities which will speed up acceptance of the engineering. Recent old ages have seen a important alteration in people ‘s life style and in order to pull off the basic comfortss one has to work twenty-four hours and dark. In such competitory and scheduled scenario where every minute utilized is counted, people are happening speedy methods to pull off life. Today from directing mail to telling nutrient, all is done through electronic media sitting at place or office. The 24 hours of the twenty-four hours seems to be deficient for completing the work and the inauspicious effects of this busy life consequences in terrible wellness jobs. However, it can be observed that the people sing the infirmary, medical clinic and pathology for assignments to run into the physicians has significantly decreased. The ground for this drastic alteration is the engineering, which has brought a revolution in the wellness sector.Moreover, with the debut of cyberspace the universe seems to be captured in one thaumaturgy box and the words like mail, commerciali sm, wellness are now known as e-mail, e-commerce and e-health. Harmonizing to Maeder ( 2008 ) , e-Health is defined as the technological system with scope of information with systematic communicating for people and tools deployed in health care applications, including package systems for wellness informations direction and processing, computing machine assisted clinical procedure and determination support systems, and systems interoperability constituents. Furthermore, with the rise in the cyberspace users it is noticed that clients now straight entree health care related information over the web as a consequence of which the issues and solutions related with medical specialty, medical informations are available on finger tips. Furthermore, in Australia the National E-Health Transition Authority ( NEHTA ) promises to develop criterions and substructure for interrelated wellness sector, clinical informations criterions for the exchange of clinical information, national criterions to uniquely identify patients, suppliers, merchandises and services and unafraid electronic transportation of information across the wellness sector ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) . This revolution in the wellness sector due to electronic media will supply possible chances and benefits to many people. However, the benefits are hindered by several challenges that include privateness and security of information, technological inefficiency and fiscal scarceness. The intent of this paper is to measure and pull out the chances and challenges associated with use of e-health in Australia. This preliminary reappraisal will research the possible benefits for patients, wellness experts and wellness organisations every bit good as the possible barriers and issues related to e-health use in Australia. 2. Australia: background and context Australia is the universe ‘s largest island and smallest continent. It is besides the driest inhabited continent, and features a broad scope of climatic zones. Today, Australia is place to an estimated 20.3 million people. Australia is a comfortable state with an established capitalist economic system and the overall Australian population is one of the healthiest when compared internationally ( Glover, Hetzel & A ; Tennant 2008 ) . Furthermore, Australia is a developed state equipped with advanced engineering and important research in medical specialty which marks a planetary impact about its wellness sector. 2.1. Health sector in Australia The wellness sector in Australia is governed by public and private organisations. The public organisations are supported by the Government. Harmonizing to Li et Al. ( 2008 ) Australia has a complex wellness system, with patients treated in both the populace and private sectors and in urban, regional, rural and distant countries. Furthermore, wellness service suppliers include general and specialist medical and nursing practicians, other wellness professionals, hospital staff, community wellness workers, druggists. In add-on, the Australian authorities provides chronic and complex conditions, electronic wellness records, and improved safety and quality of infirmary attention ; and better national wellness information ( Glover, Hetzel & A ; Tennant 2008 ) .Furthermore, the new engineerings and research in the medical field has raised important chances related to the use of e-health. 3. Potential chances associated with use of E-health in Australia To speed up the acceptance of an electronic wellness information system across Australia and to develop user specifications, criterions and substructure necessary for an interrelated wellness sector, National e-health Transition Authority ( NeHTA ) has taken major stairss in forming the medical system accurately. Furthermore, Australian Governments approved $ 130 million to present a alone wellness attention designation figure for all persons, a alone designation figure for every wellness attention professional, and a common linguistic communication for wellness communications and to computerise the general pattern for the success of communicating web across the wellness attention system ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) .Furthermore, it is to be noticed that Australian wellness sector is a wide endeavor and is turning with the support from the authorities, as a consequence of this the possible benefits to people, wellness experts and wellness organisations will significantly alter the mental ity of the hereafter wellness attention system. 3.1. Benefits to patient The engineering has flourished the present wellness sector in Australia and the patients are blessed with benefits like easy entree to the studies, medical specialties etc. Maeder ( 2008 ) draws the attending towards the elaborate information system which will supply the patients with prescribed intervention, inauspicious reactions to drugs or therapies, understanding activities of day-to-day life and modifying bad wonts besides it will move as personal monitoring device. Furthermore, Ray ( 2006 ) stresses that the electronic wellness records ( EHR ) will assist patients routinely sing multiple health care suppliers. Similarly, EHR will besides assist each health care supplier to hold an integrated position of the patient ‘s health care position based on an collection of all the patient records. Therefore, these records will give a proper overview of the patient ‘s wellness and will cut down the load of interchanging the information from different health care supplier. Fu rthermore, e-health has driven people towards healthier life with information about yoga, dieting and workout tips that are easy available on web sites. In add-on, medical insurances are besides purchased and renewed utilizing web sites like Medibank, Medicare in Australia. However, the wellness experts like physicians, general practicians are happening this engineering really utile with regard to managing information about the patients. 3.2. Prospects for wellness experts The general practician in Australia seems excessively positive with the usage of computing machine for keeping the patient ‘s information. The history of the disease that a patient is enduring and the medicine that is advised can be fetched from the system which reduces the load of paper work. On the other manus patients excessively have less tenseness of maintaining all the records and they visit the physicians with positive head. Furthermore, Maeder ( 2008 ) emphasizes that E-health tools are progressing human apprehension and interaction every bit good as it supports collaborative activities like statistical sum-ups and graphical show for studies, multiparty conferencing bundles, and tele wellness patient scrutiny applications. Ray ( 2006 ) draws that wellness experts can overview the sum-up of interventions received, consequences from blood trials or X raies and discharge referrals in the Health Link system. Similarly, the benefits of electronic wellness record over the pap er record is its usage enables improved information flow, improved communicating between wellness practicians across different wellness attention scenes, easier entree to medical files, improved issue of prescriptions, and determination support therefore the Australian Government has recognized these advantages, and, through the Department of Health and Ageing, provides financess to the General Practice Computing Group ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) .However, Henderson, Britt & A ; Miller ( 2006 ) argues that medical record used lacks the specificity to find the sum or type of patient information being stored in the computing machine and each physician has a duty to protect his patient ‘s involvement in footings of the privateness of their EHR. 3.3. Aid to infirmaries and wellness organisations The infirmaries and wellness organisations in Australia are divided in public and private sectors with the duty to keep healthy environment in the state. The authorities supports this sector and warrants proper wellness attention to the people.The E-health system has united these organisations to work consistently and co-ordinate with each other which has resulted in clip and cost nest eggs. The engineering has proved easy for infirmaries to reassign and keep patient ‘s information. The infirmaries know the sort of experts present in the other wellness attention organisations and advice the patients to see that topographic point from the system which connect to cardinal database. The squad meetings utilizing video-conferencing engineering are assisting the experts and organisations to work out the critical instances from one topographic point diminishing the long distance travel ( Ray 2006 ) . The wellness direction package ‘s have helped the infirmaries to keep the subst ructure and paysheet. The wellness attention devices like X-ray, CT scan, computing machine aided imaging, endoscopy are supplying speedy methods for analysis of single wellness and the information files are saved in the database for future mention. 4. Challenges associated with use of E-health in Australia The information system has given human society handiness and easiness to manage multiple things at one clip.However, the duty to procure the critical statistics has increased to heighten the quality of wellness informations.The hinderance to E-health systems are substructure, fiscal support to keep the systems, deficiency of proficient experts, societal acceptableness etc. The support from Australian authorities to wellness organisations is still deficient to function the mass. Maeder ( 2008 ) draws the important challenges like cost and demands of chronic diseases like malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes with worsening size and capableness of the professional work force in the wellness attention sector. 4.1. Fiscal Issues The Australian work force mostly depends on the skilled immigrants from other states. The cost for the intervention of diseases like malignant neoplastic disease, cardiovascular etc are really high and the equipments for supervising them is an extra load to the organisations. Second a major issue is the demand for systemic battle with quality and safety betterments which requires excess fiscal support ( Ray 2006 ) .Moreover, Robinson et Al. ( 2005 ) draws that accidental or unwilled revelation of patient ‘s information constitute breach of privateness, loss of wellness insurance and fiscal harm. Harmonizing to Anderson ( 2007 ) a major barrier to execution of EMRs and other clinical IT applications is the primary costs which are really high and the care of the system in add-on which consequences diffident final payments to doctors. 4.2. Technical hurdlings The down clip and clangs are the footings which are common with computing machine engineering and the dependability on systems for storage and endorse up of the information is ever on high precedence therefore the wellness experts have less faith on the engineering and they keep records in paper excessively ( Henderson, Britt & A ; Miller 2006 ) . Li et Al. ( 2008 ) draws that the engineering back uping distributed medical squad depends on apprehension of the human computing machine interaction involved in the engineering. Furthermore, the deficiency of assurance in general practicians towards computing machine systems because of inability to type rapidly, less cognition about package are issues in acceptance of engineering in the wellness sector ( Henderson, Britt & A ; Miller 2006 ) .The immense volume of informations generated by multichannel supervising device provides many proficient challenges like informations transportation, storage and entree. In add-on, it requires appropri ate package to supply analysis, comparing and reading of the informations ( Maeder 2008 ) .The security of the information is besides a country of concern for the proficient experts while implementing the package and proper preparation to be provided to the user. However, Ray ( 2006 ) draws that in Australia the criterions like HL7 seek to procure the transmittal of the informations and supply terminal to stop security demands. 4.3. Cultural and Social Confront The development of engineering has brought assorted positive facets like comfort, clip nest eggs etc but on the other side it has raised the menace to the single privateness. The common people are cognizant of the benefits of the terminal devices and least bothered about the security. The breach of information by authorised users of electronic wellness records is an ethical affair which sends a incorrect moving ridge among people about the new systems ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) . Furthermore, the privateness related to the patient ‘s record is addressed and signed before utilizing it for other instance surveies in Australia ( Li et al. 2008 ) .However ; in Australia the Government enterprises to propagate the cognition refering the security and privateness of informations are a positive measure in the way for acceptance of E-health ( Ray 2006 ) . 4.4. Law and policy obstructions The security and privateness in E-health systems are non as per the statute laws criterions of Australia which is a menace to hereafter of wellness sector ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) . The E-health system has many benefits for the patients and society nevertheless ; the privateness concerns are going legal issues with the wellness attention organisations ( Ray 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the Health Records and Information Privacy Act 2002 ( NSW ) , wellness information must non be disclosed to anyone other than the patient and physician. However, the wellness attention suppliers must take the permission from the patient for revelation of the confidential information for the intent of survey or work outing same instance. In failure of such conditions will ensue in menace to the involvement of people for illustration, describing catching diseases to the appropriate wellness organisation ( Robinson et al. 2005 ) . Legal barriers to E-health acceptance exist in Australia, Torahs sing fraud and maltreatment, antimonopoly rational belongings and province licensing has developed a cloud of uncertainness for wellness attention suppliers to implement the engineering ( Anderson 2007 ) . 5. Decisions Finally, this study has explored current thoughts in the field of E-health acceptance in Australia concentrating in chances and challenges. The wellness sector in Australia is supported by the Government and is booming with the technological development. The different subdivisions in Australia like patients, wellness experts and wellness attention organisations are deriving the benefits from the new system. Additionally, the improved methods have given physicians a tool to manage critical wellness issues and diseases in more structured manner. Equally far as challenges are concerned, there are issues related to societal and fiscal sectors. The major hurdle is with proficient cognition which is an indispensable factor to drive the electronic wellness strategy. However, the current wellness direction has its legal barriers which are to be implemented with the engineering for societal security and privateness. The literature indicates the important countries in which the people of Australia are bringing the benefits of the E-health. However, the most of import concern for hereafter of E-health is fiscal support by the authorities which will speed up acceptance of the engineering. Furthermore, the extra barriers will merely be removed with the inclusion of greater security of medical informations to convert practicians and patients.

Contemporary Retail Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contemporary Retail Environments - Essay Example Shopping is no more a simple act based on the human need, exchange of the currency and the goods but much more. The perception of shopping and its experience differs as few people perceive it to be a part of entertainment, act of expression, path for happiness and stress therapy (Tuttle, 2010). The experience of the shopping is judged by the accomplishment of the individual perception in the retail environment. Shopping can be deciphered as a contradiction that yields both pleasures and anxieties among the people based on their experience. The concept of shopping experience has changed to a greater degree for the modern shoppers based on their psychology, lifestyle and requirements. Consequently, the shopping experience is the point at which the tension, promises of modernity and postmodernity are apparent. The experience of shopping can be evaluated by the people on the basis of the information gathered, product variety and wide range of products. The easy accessibility of the servi ces and goods through the use of online sources and mobiles has made the shopping experience convenient, economical and exciting (Falk & Campbell, 1997). Shopping experience can be a recreational aspect depending on the consumer behaviour and their considerations. Shopping experience is cherished by meeting the emotional value and affect behaviour of the individual. As illustrated by Levy, â€Å"People buy products not only for what they can do, but also for what they mean† (Hirschman, 1986). The objective of the essay is to emphasise the shopping behaviour and experience of the individuals in the retail environment. It evaluates the component, motivational factors, role of environment and the models to explain the shopping experience. Explanation of Shopping Experience The shopping process is initiated by the need recognition of the individuals. It the behaviour by which the unwanted needs of the individuals are realised and are being fulfilled in the retail shop. The needs of the people differ and so the choice of buying, some prefer design over brand, some look for uniqueness and some consider budget. It is observed that before buying a product customers tend to gather information by searching for the same products in various shops. This process of gathering information and taking advices are part of the holistic shopping experience. Information gathering through various sources to get the knowledge about the price of the product, availability and features influence the shopping decision of the individuals. Moreover, the evaluation of the alternatives is a part of shopping wherein the personal views and opinions along with advices from the friends influence the decision process of the individual. The huge displays of the products in the retail environments affect the process of evaluation of the individuals and make their shopping process easier or at times complex. Individuals tend to shop based on their need but at times due to the influence of ret ail environment they tend to buy products which are not desired by them before coming to the retail shop. The impulsive shopping makes the experience of shopping great as it signifies the fulfilment of the undesired

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 Essay - 1

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 - Essay Example It is anticipated by the company that the Belfast site would soon be closed down. The company has selected the U.S, Germany and China as potential nations for such expansion. The current paper analyses the potential sites and assess the various feasibility factors and human resources aspects associated with the chosen site. Strengths- Since the political and the legal environment existing in the U.S is well organized, the regulations established in respect of protecting the rights of workers are well implemented and requires to be strictly followed by organizations. The U.S HRM (human resource management) policies and labour markets are well organized. Wages are regulated to meet the purchasing power existing in the market. HRM policies established in most companies of the U.S takes into consideration aspects such as adequate power distance, frequent performance monitoring and strict industry guided payment measures. Decentralization and increased market expansion have led to the availability of greater job opportunities. Workers of the U.S are highly skilled and technologically efficient, making the same quite expensive as compared with other nations. Also the localization effect existing in the U.S is dominant. This means that firms who chose to expand into the U.S must radically incorporate the cond itions existing in the nation rather than following the parent nation regulations (Erickson, 1996). Weaknesses- Implementations of regulations in the labour markets are not effective in few of the economic sectors such as the construction and production industrial segments. Although the standards of living of the general workers have enhanced, unemployment still persists. From the social point of view the U.S faces the challenge of labour shortage. An ageing population is the main crux of the issue of lack of labour availability. Culturally, the mindset of the people is quite liberal, however a number of cases associated with

Negative effects of lacking innovation Assignment

Negative effects of lacking innovation - Assignment Example At the individual employee level, innovation is influenced by motivation, cognitive capabilities, personality and creativity of the individual while at the team level innovation will be determined by the team processes, the leadership style, team structure and team climate (Brown and Ulijn 2004). At the entire organizational level, the size, resources, culture, strategy and structure of the organization determines the capability of the organization to implement innovative solutions to emerging problems (Shavinina 2003). Firms that are not innovative lack the capacity to deal with the nature and intensity of competition within the market thus leading to loss in market share and profitability. Innovative firms are capable of monitoring and understanding changes in industry competitive capabilities such as new processes and new technologies thus implementing research and development activities that will enable the firm to acquire those competencies (Shavinina 2003). In this case, the firms will be using the wrong or inefficient technologies that waste raw materials and lead to high costs of production. A case example is Sony, the technology giant that lost market share and profitability due to lack of innovative technologies. Sony pioneered the Walkman and Trinitron TV and acquired Columbian pictures thus shocking Hollywood (Tabuchi, p 4). However, the rise of other Japanese rivalries made Sony lose market share and report losses since 2008 since other players like Samsung Electronics and Apple took a dvantage of technological revolution and produced digital electronic devices (Tabuchi, p 6). Although Sony had the capabilities to create the iPod before Apple, the management resisted innovation and creativity thus limiting the capability of the company to develop tablets and iPods that would enhance its music business segment (Tabuchi, p 12). It is evident that Sony did

Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stock Market - Essay Example I chose these stocks as a foundation for a diversified portfolio and would like to build positions in each company for long-term holdings targeting 5-10 years. With the exception of Yongye, these stocks are all industry leaders and corporate entities with large asset bases and established business/consumer products. I chose these stocks because I believe that they should not only outperform the market but also limit downside risk to preserve capital. Due to the requirements of the assignment, I chose my entry points for the stock purchases late in order to capitalize on building my position through purchasing at a lower initial price. Over the course of the investment cycle, from 5/27/2011 to 6/2/2011, the rate of return of each of these stocks can be seen charted in comparison to the S&P 500 Index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the TSX Index. As can be seen in the chart above (from Yahoo Finance), YONG outperformed all stocks including the index over this period by a wide ma rgin, up over 30% on the period. Unfortunately, due to the weight of YONG in my portfolio vs. the other equities, this gain was not enough to offset losses, particularly in OMX which underperformed the Indexes by around 10% in this same period. AAPL outperformed the Indexes by a small margin, around 2% during this period. GOLD tracked the DJIA with very little deviation from the Indexes during this timeframe. I attempted a second purchase of OMX during this period to average down my entry price per share after the decline. Table 1: Buy and Sell Orders executed over the course of the project. Table 2: Buy and Sell Orders executed over the course of the project. Table 3: Portfolio – trading performance over the course of the project. Investment Analysis: In building my portfolio for the trading project, I wanted to implement the basics of a balanced portfolio by building positions in different sectors for the purpose of diversification. My interest in YONG was for rapid growth and in expectation of press release activity favorable to the company, and the stock was able to produce 30% gains over the course of trading which I locked in by selling a portion of my initial investment. The GOLD position can be considered as a hedge and also as a long-term investment in the future of the mining industry. My analysis of Randgold indicated that by owning the actual real estate in which the gold and other precious mineral reserves were located, this was a significant and appreciable asset of the company that indicated an undervalued state in the appreciating precious metals market. Furthermore, the company has the facilities for R&D in the precious metals mining sector which few other companies possess. In similar motivation, I chose Apple (AAPL) because of the leading effect of the iPhone, iPad, and other products in reflecting consumer lifestyle innovation through technology. I am impressed with Apple’s minimal debt load as a company, their international e xpansion prospects for product sales, and the financial position of the company as reflected in cash on the books, growing sales, expanding markets, etc. This company is the largest in the world by market capitalization and the benchmark of the NASDAQ index, outperforming on the ability

Review Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review Article - Essay Example The researchers subjected the cadavers’ spines to 20Â º of flexion and 15Â º of extension, then measured intradiscal pressures, along with segmental motion, at the intact C4-C5 and C6-C7 vertebrae of their specimens respectively. Subsequently, they measured these variables on the C5-C6 vertebrae following anterior cervical plating. By performing a paired measures t-test on their measurements of changes in intradiscal pressure and segmental motion, the authors arrived at their results. The research findings demonstrated that intradiscal pressures (the dependent variable) increased considerably during the flexion (the independent variable) imposed upon them. Pressures at the C4-C5 vertebrae increased by roughly 73.2% during the course of this flexion, and at the C4-C5, an increase in pressure of approximately 45.3% was observed. Although intradiscal pressures at adjacent levels increased during pressure, this effect failed to reach significance. Both during extension and flexion, the researchers’ measurements of segmental motion during flexion increased at these adjacent levels. Based on these results, the authors cite substantial intensification of intradiscal pressure and segmental motion at levels adjacent to fusion as primary causes of early disc degeneration and pathology. In part, these measured effects account for one mechanism of early disc degeneration at levels adjacent to cervical spine fusion, which is in line with the author’s hypothesis. Issues relating to a criticism of Eck et al. (2002) fall generally between two categories: (a) potential confounding variables in the design of the experiment, and (b) methodological limitations that may prevent more accurate results. One potential confound in the experiment is the possibility of inconsistency between the cadaver specimens. In the Materials and Methods section, no mention is made of how the cervical spines of these

Case 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case 4 - Assignment Example The idea here is to see whether the clinic can "inflate" its way to profitability even if volume remains at its current level.) 4. Suppose you just found out that the $3,215 monthly malpractice insurance charge is based on an accounting allocation scheme that divides the hospital’s total annual malpractice insurance costs by the total annual number of inpatient days and outpatient visits to obtain a per-episode charge. Then, the per-episode value is multiplied by each departments projected number of patient days or outpatient visits to obtain each departments malpractice cost allocation. What impact does this allocation scheme have on the clinic’s true (cash) profitability? (No calculations are necessary.) If the malpractice insurance charge is based on the hospital’s numbers of patient, then the clinic is paying too much. The clinic has fewer patients, so the insurance needs to be reduced to reflect the number of actual patient visits the clinic sees daily. 5. Does the clinic have any value to the hospital beyond that considered by the numerical analysis just conducted? Do the actions by Baptist Hospital have any bearing on the final decision regarding the clinic? The clinic does impact the hospital. If the hospital doctors see patients at the clinic, then patients from the hospital go to the clinic. It would also be a bad practice if the hospital is discharging patients to doctors in the Baptist Hospital clinic. The clinic is an extension of the hospital. Whatever the clinic loses, the hospital makes up in volume, procedures, and other means. Baptist Hospital should not have any bearing on the decision. When the other clinics were opened, this clinic had the same volume. Only if the volume of patients drop drastically should the clinic be close. I would recommend that the clinic raise their costs to $1 per patient. That would have the clinic breaking even. It is not cost

Integrated Technology Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Integrated Technology Systems - Assignment Example Response time, hysteresis, long-term stability, sensitivity are some of uncertainties. Traceability of measurements from sensors is achieved through the implementation of regional calibration programs specific to each parameter or instrument. All sensors should have long term stability of measurements to guaranty maintenance and calibration intervals of one year or more. Temperature is the specific degree of coldness or hotness as referenced to a specific scale. A temperature sensor is used in detecting changes in physical parameters such as output voltage or resistance that correspond to the temperature change. Thermocouple is built from two electrical dissimilar metals are place at one end of a circuit. Thermocouple circuit has the most considerable temperature range when compared to other temperature sensor technologies, that is –200 to +2310Â °C. Thermistor is temperature sensor that proportionally changes its resistance in relation to temperature changes. Thermistors are of two types: negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC). PTCs have positive change in resistance with temperature rise, while NTCs have negative change in resistance when temperatures increase. RTDs (Resistive Temperature Devices) embrace a change in electrical resistance in measuring or controlling temperature. A typical RTD has a sensing element, and connection wires to measurement instrument. RTDs are resistance devices hence generate their own heat that adds up to medium being measured. Shields/Screens that house temperature sensors affect quality of measurement of atmospheric temperature. Hence these shields/screens should reduce the effects of atmospheric and environmental factors (such as solar radiation, wind, dew). The sensors for soil temperature are configured at depth of up to 100 cm in undisturbed soil. The

Domestic Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Domestic Terrorism Essay According to Section 802 of the Patriot Act, the definition of domestic terrorism is one that encompasses acts committed within the borders of the United States, and is one where a person or organization commits an act that is: â€Å"dangerous to human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of a state or the United States, if the act appears to be intended to: (i) intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping† (ACLU, 2002). It is safe to say that the face of terrorism has always been changing, and domestic terrorism is not something new in the wake of 9/11; rather it is now run by smarter operations, elaborate infrastructures, and with perhaps strong connections to international terrorism groups and organizations. Domestic and internationally based groups have come to realize they can help one another in achieving their goals, or aiming at specific targets. Their common enemy is US Policy – be it domestic or foreign – and both types of organizations have made attacks at government agencies and bodies. The most notable of recent domestic terrorism attacks, is perhaps that of McVeigh and Nichols and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Their target was the FBI headquarters, and there has been circulated discourse on the foreign connections Nichols had prior to the bombing. It has been also cited that he had domestic militant group connections, in particular Posse Comitatus: â€Å"He attended meetings in Michigan of the Posse Comitatus, a militant, right-wing organization founded by Col. William Potter Gale and headed by James Wickstrom. Members of Posse Comitatus, according to legal documents released prior to McVeighs trial, have for years been in contact with Iraq and other rogue Arab nations that share a hatred of Israel† (O’Meara, 2001). Another such example of domestic terrorism is â€Å"They Army of God† and their crusade against gay night clubs, anti-abortion clincs, and doctors. They have been known to bomb clinics and nightclubs, having taken claim for 1997 bombings of a clinic and a nightclub in Atlanta, Georgia. It was also suggested, that the 2001 anthrax letters could have been connected to the group: â€Å"That letter spoke of the ungodly communist regime in New York and called for death to the New World Order and bore the nom de guerre signature of accused abortion-clinic bomber Eric Rudolph. In addition to the letters sent to Daschle and Brokaw, more than 100 abortion clinics also received letters containing white powder, of which a handful made reference to the Army of God, an extremist antiabortion group† (2001). There is a connection of Rudolph with the Aryan Nation, another organization who has been referenced to have foreign connections. What is significant in these examples is the opportunist attitudes of the domestic militant groups, and arguably, vice versa. The chief element is fear when it comes to how both domestic and international terrorism groups work, and in this way they certainly help each other. Domestic terrorism, however, is not just based on right-wing militants with political agendas. Left-wing and environmental groups aimed at ‘protecting’ society are often overshadowed by their right-wing counterparts. â€Å"Notable early participants in left-wing terrorism were various socialist and anarchist groups from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Leon Czolgocz, who shot President William McKinley in 1901, embraced anarchist beliefs, though no anarchist group would accept him for membership† (Knight, 2004). However, it is perhaps religious- and social- militant groups labeled under â€Å"right-wing† that have been of more concern in recent times, despite heavy protest often seen by environmental and anti-globalization groups. With the changes in the Patriot Act, and the steady advancement of technology, it is little wonder that the Internet be considered such a powerful tool in the fight against terrorism; as well as the fight for terrorism. Many militant and terrorist groups freely use the Internet to advertise, broadcast and relay messages to one another. It is no surprise, then that monitoring Internet usage should spark such a controversy. FBI and law enforcement should monitor activity of known militant groups, but it is such a hazy area in regards to First Amendment rights. Were monitoring to become a daily occurrence on the Internet, no doubt there would be another means of communication and way to incite violence – as there was in the decades prior to the Internet. â€Å"In August, 2004, the Electronic Frontier Foundation compiled a best-practices list for online service providers (OSPs) wherein it recommended that OSPs set policies to minimize data retention to limit their liability risks, avoid the high cost of having to search through all their data upon the receipt of a subpoena, and protect the privacy of their users† (Gardella, 2006). The Internet is the embodiment of First Amendment rights, with the exchange of ideas and the ability to converse freely at the heart of its ongoing success. Should legislation make Internet monitoring an acceptable practice, it could undermine the fabric of society and only force groups to work more underground than they already are. The innocent civilian would still be the victim. The grant-funded Hamm Report evaluated and compared the methods undertaken by domestic and international terrorism groups. Predominantly, it highlighted the different means favored by each organization and uncovered that: â€Å"International jihad groups are statistically more likely than domestic right-wing groups to commit aircraft and motor vehicle-related crimes; violations of explosive materials; and firearms violations. Right-wing domestic groups are more likely to commit mail fraud; racketeering; robbery/burglary; and violations involving machine guns and destructive devices† (Hamm, 2005). What this largely suggests is that, not only are domestic groups more ready and able to work within the infrastructure of the country, but are prepared to commit small-scale â€Å"warfare† on national targets. International groups, given distances and so forth, were more liable to commit terrorism acts of a larger scale, though not any less devastating than their domestic counterparts. What was also significant in the report was the â€Å"type† of person which domestic groups would recruit: â€Å"Unlike the jihadists, domestic right-wing groups recruit individuals specifically for their criminal skills. Typically headed by charismatic leaders, domestic groups are most successful at acquiring false identity documents, manufacturing illegal firearms, armored truck and bank robbery, and murder. They are surveillance experts, often spending weeks taking into account every moment in the taken-for-granted order of daily routines in and around their targets† (Hamm) It is logical to consider, if not also alarming that many right-wing groups have branches and feelers within the penal system and arguably do a lot of recruiting from the inside. International groups, as noted in the Hamm Report, do not rely heavily on specialists for mundane tasks, however there is prestige considered in both groups – it is an honor to be chosen. The concept of terrorism is two-fold: the act itself, and the fear of an act occurring. It is in this sense that domestic and international terrorism wave the same banner and are equally responsible for devastating lives – be it from bombing a nightclub, to an underground network behind car bombings. It is the threat that it could happen that has become imprinted in people’s minds. Arguably though, perhaps the more concern should be placed on domestic terrorism and the measures used to not only prevent it but to track the groups involved. They are using the system – from the postal system, to recruitment through the penal system – and this is as dangerous if not more so as an international group â€Å"training† overseas. The threat, as they say, is in our own backyard and we can not combat other threats if we are unable to contain the ones running rife within our own borders. References _. â€Å"How the USA PATRIOT Act redefines Domestic Terrorism† ACLU, 2002 (http://www. aclu. org/natsec/emergpowers/14444leg20021206. html ) Gardella, T. M Beyond Terrorism: The Potential Chilling Effect on the Internet of Broad Law Enforcement Legislation. † St. Johns Law Review. Spring 2006. (http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3735/is_200604/ai_n17173795 ) Hamm, M. â€Å"Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups: Theory, Research, and Prevention† Department of Justice, NCJRS, September 2005 (http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/211203. pdf ) Knight, J. Terrorism, Domestic (United States). Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. (2004). (http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_gx5211/is_2004/ai_n19126728 ) OMeara, K. P. Iraq connections to U. S. extremists Nation: Domestic Terrorism Cover Story. Insight on the News. Nov 19, 2001. (http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_43_17/ai_80309410 )

Using Body Language In English Teaching English Language Essay

Using Body Language In English Teaching English Language Essay Introduction At present, almost everyone knows that language learning, especially English learning, becomes more and more important to the students. Students often learn English through the classroom teaching, namely teachers education. Due to the disadvantages of traditional English teaching, teachers need to reform the teaching methods to arouse the students interest in English and help them to learn better. There are many useful and proper methods to get the goal and one of them is using body language. What is body language? Body language or nonverbal communication is a communication without words. It refers to patterns of facial expressions gestures that people use to express their feeling in communication. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters for teachers are usually imitated by the students. In a word teachers graceful and lively body language helps to improve students artistic appreciation and moral character and it is necessary and important for the teachers to use the proper, vivid, dramatic and even exaggerated movements to teach the abstract knowledge. Thus the students will improve a lot from teaching. As a result, the students interest and the effect of teaching are greatly improved. So it is necessary to use body language in teaching. English teaching is a key part of the school education. Generally, traditional English teaching considers teachers as a center, book learning as a standard and examination handling as the only goal. Thus the study interest and desire of the students are greatly depressed. Therefore, we must make and carry out reforms in education. We need reforms. With the English teaching methods reform, more and more teachers pay much attention to the importance of using body language in school teaching. And according to the students present level and practical situation, body language is also required. The use of body language is a useful method in English teaching. In the classes, if teachers use it properly the students attention can be attracted and the teaching quality can be improved. The use of gestures and facial expressions of teachers in the teaching process is important they will help teachers express their own ideas and thoughts accurately and lively. According to the students, the use of body language will help them keep firmly in mind the knowledge obtained in class. Body language contains facial expressions, eyesight, movements, and so on and even cloth. Facial expressions-in the teaching process, teachers provide the students with messages through their own facial expressions. In the process of class exchange, teachers express their affection; optimism and deep confidence to the students. The students will feel warm and become active. The facial expressions of teachers in English teaching should change along with the changing of class contents and teaching circumstances. Also teachers delight, anger, sorrow and joy should appear in at the right moment, infect the students to make them have the feeling of delight and sorrow at the same time. They cant take their own passive morals into the classrooms. Eyesight- eyes are the windows of heart. Through the window, teachers transmit information which cant be expressed by verbal language to the students. An excellent teacher should have a pair of eyes which can speak. S/he should be good at using eyes to transmit messages, exchange feelings, express attitudes and carry on teaching. If a teacher stared angrily at the students who didnt concentrate his attention nor did some petty actions in classes, the students would restrain himself consciously. When a student didnt answer a question for a long time because of his shame of making mistakes, an encouraging eyesight from his teacher would make him become more confident than before. Movements the main movement is gestures. Gestures are the most important part of body language. The English teaching in classes focuses on communication activities. Dull and dry communication will make students produce detestable feeling but lively, vivid, even exaggerated actions and gestures can enliven the teaching circumstances, making the activities go off without a hitch. If the teacher gives a balls shape through his hands, then performs the action of shooting a basket when teaching the word basketball, all of the students can guess the meaning of it. When the teacher teaches the verb, it will be more accurate to do a simple gesture o the students than teachers repeated explanation. And the students can remember it with a deep impression. Patting up ones thumb expresses Ok and Great. And nodding shows Yes and shaking ones hand shows No. These are all in common use. According to school students, distinctive figures will greatly influence their thoughts. Therefore, the use of body language in schools teaching is helpful in students understanding and memory. Then with the limitation of the use of mother language, the students will be studying in a good environment. The use of lively and vivid body language in English teaching can fully arouse the students study interest and joining enthusiasm. More importantly, the whole teaching process will become the communication activities of language in the scenes with the true teaching contents. At the same time, when the students suffer setbacks and become disappointed, when the students make mistakes because they are self-willed and troublesome, when the students lack confidence in themselves because of their sense of inferiority and timid, and when they make progress through their hardworking, if teachers can use different body language properly or use their eyesight to give some hints to them, or use mo vements to assist and establish a special emotion and atmosphere to go on an exchange from heart to heart, then the students will appreciate it. At that time, they will achieve the best teaching effect in classes. From all the above, we find that body language plays a positive role in the English teaching. Body language has strong characteristics in images and informative functions. It can make the abstract things become specific. In brief, English subjects are not like other subjects. English subjects have not an atmosphere, so teachers teachers should do their best to reduce their use of Chinese (local/mother tongue) in classes. Then body language will become the main medium through which teachers and students communication with each other. The influences of teachers body language on the students are reflected not only by establishing a good example, but also by shortening the teacher-student estrangement by which a more harmonious studying atmosphere is created. In the English teaching, body language needs to be used frequently so as to improve the teaching effect and the students ability. In conclusion, practice makes perfect. Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished during which the students should practice as much as possible. To make the full use of the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. At the same time, the recent educational reforms, the students present level and the practical situation like their limitation of vocabulary requires teachers to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions, eyesight, body movements, namely body language. The use of body language can not only attract the students attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding body language. Therefore, we should realize the necessity and importance of using proper and vivid bo dy language in teaching English. So teachers should use body language in school English teaching and try their best to use it in classes. In the end, the students ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide are Morally Correct :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia is Morally Correct "The third night that I roomed with Jack in our tiny double room, in the solid-tumor ward of the cancer clinic of the National Institute of Health in Maryland, a terrible thought occurred to me. Jack had a melanoma in his belly, a malignant solid tumor that the doctors guessed was the size of a softball. The doctors planned to remove the tumor, but they knew Jack would soon die. The cancer had now spread out of control. Jack, about 28, was in constant pain, and his doctor had prescribed an intravenous shot, a pain killer, and this would control the pain for perhaps two hours or a bit more. Then he would begin to moan, or whimper, very low, as though he didn't want to wake me. Then he would begin to howl, like a dog. When this happened, he would ring for a nurse, and ask for the pain-killer. The third night of his routine, a terrible thought occurred to me. 'If Jack were a dog, I thought, what would be done to him?' The answer was obvious: the pound, and the chloroform. No human being with a spark of pity could let a living thing suffer so, to no good end." (James Rachel's The Morality of Euthanasia) The experience of Stewart Alsop, a respected journalist, who died in 1975 of a rare form of cancer gave an example on the morality of euthanasia. Before he died, he wrote movingly of his experiences with another terminal patient. Although he had not thought much about euthanasia before, he came to approve of it after sharing a room with Jack. While growing up, each of us learns a large number of rules of conduct. Which rules we learn will depend on the kind of society we live in and the parents and the friends we have. We may learn to be honest, to be loyal, and to work hard. Sometimes we learn a rule without understanding its point. In most cases this may work out, for the rule may be designed to cover ordinary circumstances, but when faced with unusual situations, we may be in trouble. This situation is the same with moral rules. Without understanding the rules, we may come

Irony and Foreshadowing in “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Story of

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature. He is well known for his style of writing which is dark and morbid in nature. Poe makes use of irony as well as foreshadowing in many of his stories including the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. For the most part, Poe's descriptions in his writings are haunting and realistic. Some often speculated that Poe derived his unique style of writing from his personal life struggles. His stories are written with deep emotions that make his audience feel a connection and they can create an image of themselves experiencing what is happening in his writing. Poe dedicated most his stories into specific categories which stayed within a genre and those who admire his work are never mistaken for someone else’s. Another American writer, whose writing manifests her life experiences, is Kate Chopin. Chopin is late 19th century writer who used her writing to voice her dissatisfaction of curre nt principles of the time. In her time, women had fewer rights and they were not considered equal to men. Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is about how someone can be stuck in a miserable and unsatisfying reality because of other’s thoughtlessness, oppression, and domination. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar elements of irony, foreshadowing, and symbolism. In addition to using similar elements of writing, Chopin and Poe are greatly influenced by their struggles with their own personal life and society. Both author’s stories reach out to their audience not only about what they have witnessed and experienced, but also revealing to them to how the society were in the past. In Poe’s "The Cask of Amontil... ...ce abuse which took a toll on him and eventually ending his life. Similarly, Kate Chopin uses her writings to voice her dissatisfaction of current principles of the time. In Chopin’s time, women were not considered equal to men. In her short story, â€Å"The Story of the Hour†, Chopin writes about the impact of marriage on women. In her view, women are dominated by men and are restricted to play subservient roles in which society expects of them. Kate Chopin’s writings were scandalous in her time when women writers were not prominent. Kate Chopin was considered one of the first feminists. Her stories often dealt with women making their own decisions and standing up for themselves. In her stories, Chopin explored specific problems that woman faced. Because she portrayed women as keen and able to exist without the complete support of men, many men dismissed her writing.

tempcolon Comparing Language in Shakespeares Tempest and Aime Cesaire

Colonial Language in Shakespeare's The Tempest and Aime Cesaire's A Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and literature are the most subtle and seductive tools of domination. They gradually shape thoughts and attitudes on an almost subconscious level. Perhaps Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak states this condition most succinctly in her essay "The Burden of English" when she writes, "Literature buys your assent in an almost clandestine way...for good or ill, as medicine or poison, perhaps always a bit of both"(137). By examining Shakespeare's "The Tempest" and Cesaire's "A Tempest", the diabolic and diagnostic functions of language and literature can be explored. Both plays place characters who are foreign to each other in equally unknown and foreign environments. Shakespeare allows Prospero the sorcerer to dominate his foreign environment and all who inhabit it, while Caliban in Cesaire's play uses the foreign language of his master, Prospero, to stage an open revolt. Placed within a post-colonial context, Cesaire ultimately expands upon the actions and characters create d by Shakespeare in order to posit a plausible modern explanation for the role of language and literature in the progression from fictional to actual, all too real, colonies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Slavery is a central issue in both plays, especially in defining the relationship between Prospero and Caliban. Prospero, a European of high social and intellectual stature, is placed within an unfamiliar and hostile environment. Caliban befriends Prospero and gives him the necessary skills to survive. In return, Prospero teaches Caliban an European language. Ironically, this knowledge of language provides the basis for both slavery and revolt. Though physically enslaved because of an attempt... ...le it may be impossible to separate the poisonous properties of language and literature from the medicinal ones, Cesaire seems to attempt to identify the former and espouse the latter. Though the scope and influence of language and literature may be wider than that of colonialism, the same essential hurtful and hopeful paradox rests at the core of each concept.   Works Cited Cesaire, Aime. A Tempest. Trans Richard Miller, New York: Ubu Repertory Theatre Publications, 1992. Shakespeare, William. "The Tempest." Rpt in William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Peter Alexander, London: Collins Clear Type Press, 1989. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "The Burden of English." Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia. Carol A. Breckinridge and Peter van der Veer Eds.   Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. 134-57.

Juvenile Detainees Essay

Criminal Justice and the juvenile justice systems are almost the same but are different. When corrections’ officials have to deal with juvenile detainees, such a situation needs to be dealt with care. In identifying such situations, we will look at child development, punishment and deterrence. Juvenile detention officers work with incarcerated youth. Although juvenile detention officers deal with many of the same realities as other corrections officers, juvenile detention officers have the opportunity to assist young offenders in their attempts to be rehabilitated into responsible adults. In a sense a Juvenile detention officer is the perfect blend of a jailer and social worker. While the Juvenile detention officers must be alert and tough enough to work with young criminals, he or she must also be committed to helping troubled youngsters change their life. Since Juvenile detention officers work with youth, they have to see to it that young offenders receive all the services they need and that they are meeting their legal and therapeutic obligations. As such, Juvenile detention officers are responsible for making sure that inmates arrive on time to appointments within their facility and outside of it. According to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, a juvenile detention officer, â€Å"Prepares detained youth for court appearances, transports and escorts detained youth to medical, criminal justice, social services and judicial facilities as needed according to departmental and facility policy and procedures.† Of course, this implies keeping track of incarcerated youth and not letting them flee. Aside from insuring that juvenile offenders receive proper care and keep appointments, juvenile detention officers teach wayward youth how to function in society by acting as models of proper adult behavior. For instance, juvenile detention officers in Kitsap County, Washington are expected to † Assist juveniles in cultivating appropriate social, behavioral, and interpersonal skills and attitudes useful in community living; lead recreational activities and give instruction in games.† Juvenile detention officers may also lead the youngsters in cleaning and maintenance activities in order to model good hygiene and to demonstrate proper adult housekeeping habits. Although there is an emphasis on rehabilitation and inmate care in juvenile correctional facilities, juvenile detention officers are subject to the hazards of working in a locked facility with young criminals. In addition to rehabilitation and treatment related activities, juvenile detention officers may have duties similar to those of any other corrections officer. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that the duties of detention officers include searching for contraband, weapons and drugs, resolving conflicts between inmates, and â€Å"enforcing discipline.† This means monitoring vehicles and packages coming in and out of locked facilities as well as frequent personal and room inspections. Juvenile detention officers are, of course, responsible for knowing the whereabouts of all inmates and preventing them from leaving the locked facility. Laws we have regulated the way we have set up punishment for juveniles. The punishments we have in tact usually serve to rehabilitate the juvenile to do better in the future. Our laws have extended that to sealing juvenile records for the sake of protection. Juvenile crime and punishments can be different from the types of punishments that are ordered in adult criminal cases. The first court established expressly for juveniles was built in Chicago in 1899 to address the issue of juvenile crime and punishments. Juvenile crime and punishments peaked in 1994. The 1990s saw a swell of public scrutiny over the perceived juvenile crime epidemic. In an effort to crack down on juvenile crime and punishments, many state legislatures have adopted harsher laws regarding juvenile crimes. In my opinion, the best two ways to prevent juvenile crime is strengthening families and education. In American Samoa, a block grant was introduced and tested from 2002 to 2004. This block grant was for Preventing Substance abuse targeting the families and children. The idea behind the program was to seek if a problem existed, what the effects of substance abuse and how it can be fixed. The interesting factor and I suppose the most important was how the Samoan family evolved from closely knit and knowing every aspect of their children’s whereabouts to children becoming simple renters in the parent’s homes. Long story short, American Samoa was awarded funding for 10 years or so long as the program is needed. The theme of the program was strengthening families. I believe that it is an important part in anyone’s life. Sociologist’s believe that one’s environment affects one’s way of life. However, in some unfortunate cases, not everyone has the chance to grow up with a traditional family. The idea is, one’s family should be the biggest and the most important supporters in their lives. We define our familes different, whether it is a mother, a father, brother, sister, grandparent or even your best friend’s family. The point is having the sense of strength in one’s home is important to one’s success or failure. Strengthening families can be accomplished by offering help to those that need it through information and education. Which leads to my second point is education. Juveniles feel lost as do most of us that don’t know what to do or which direction to head to. Through education we get an idea of where we would like to go in our lives. Some juveniles do not have access or do not see the importance of education until there is support, programs, and resources available to them. We promote education through the media and all sorts of things, but are we really making it available for everyone? My mother in law always tells us, children are like cameras, they take images of everything around them. The product of these images are the problems we face today. Reference: Seiter, R. (2011). Corrections: An introduction (3rd ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc

Organizational Behaviour

Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act Organizational Behaviour 1.What is the importance of interpersonal skills? The importance of interpersonal skills is that you need to understand how to deal with other people and involve your acceptance of others, without prejudice in order to achieve your task. 2.What do managers do in terms of functions, roles, and skills? Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned. In terms of Functions, Managers do Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. To be an effective manager, it is necessary to possess many skills. Not all managers have all the skills that would make them the most effective manager. As technology advances and grows, the skills that are needed by managers are constantly changing. Different levels of management in the organizational structure also require different types of management skills. Generally, however, managers need to have communication skills, human skills, computer skills, time-management skills, and technical skills. 3.What is organizational behavior (OB)?. Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of the organization itself and also of the interface between human behavior and the organization. A field that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations in order to achieve the goals. 4.Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study? Consciously or unconsciously we are all students of behavior. We observe others and attempt to interpret what we see. We â€Å"read† people all the time and even attempt to predict what they might do under different sets of conditions. We develop some generalizations in explaining and predicting what people do and will do. These generalizations come as a result of observing, sensing, asking, listening, and reading, or else secondhand through the experience of others. There are certain fundamental consistencies underlying the behavior of all individuals that can be identified and used to alter conclusions based on individual differences. The consistencies allow predictability. Systematic study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence; that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Systematic study replaces intuition or those â€Å"gut feelings† you often hear experienced managers talk about. While some of our appraisals may prove highly effective in explaining and predicting the behavior of others, we all carry with us a number of beliefs that frequently fail to explain why people do what they do. This occurs because many of the views we hold concerning human behavior are based on intuition rather than fact. There is a better way; a systematic approach to the study of behavior can improve your explanatory and predictive abilities and will uncover important facts and relationships, and provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behavior can be made. Most behavior does not occur randomly; it generally has a cause caused and direction based upon some end that the individual believes, rightly or wrongly, is in his or her best interest. Because of differences between individuals even in similar situations, people do not all act alike. 5.What are the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB? The major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB are such as Psychology, Sociology, Social psychology, Anthropology and Political science. 6.Why are there few absolutes in OB? There are few, if any, simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. There are laws in the physical science-chemistry, astronomy, physics – that are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space repair satellite. But as a noted behavioral researcher aptly concluded, â€Å"god gave all the easy problems to the physicists†. Human being are complete, because they are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate and sweeping generalizations is limited. Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person’s behavior changes in different situations. For instance, not everyone is motivated by money, and you behave differently at church on Sunday than you did at the party the night before. That doesn’t mean, of course that we can’t offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behavior or make valid predictions. However, it does mean that OB concepts must reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say that x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. the science of OB was developed by using general concepts and then altering their application to the particular situations. So, for example, OB scholars would avoid stating that effective leaders should always seek the ideas of their follower before making the decision. Rather, in some situations participative style is clearly superior. But, in other situations, an autocratic decision-making style is more effective. In other words, the effectiveness of a particular leadership style is contingent on the situation in which it’s used. Organizational Behaviour Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act